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Surgical departments and educational institutions lack an organisational structure and culture that supports evidence-based practice. This may affect patient safety.

They observe eye contact, comforting and other behaviours based on experience rather than by making use of recognised instruments. Their assessments are influenced by professional development opportunities, a heavy workload and interdisciplinary collaboration.

The purpose of reporting adverse incidents is not to point to scapegoats, but to increase patient safety.  Nevertheless, many professionals fail to report unwanted incidents, a study shows.

Family caregivers will need correct and relevant information and support from health care professionals to perform the significant caring role they have to take on.

PEWS promotes a systematic approach to monitoring and better communication in paediatric departments, but there is a need to follow up and improve guidelines and quality-assurance activities.

Students who used this framework for communication conveyed more specific observations, gave fewer unfounded opinions, and experienced improvements in teamwork and patient safety.

A calm atmosphere with single rooms, flexible visiting hours and trust in the healthcare personnel can help the family members to serve as a resource for heart surgery patients with a prolonged stay in intensive care.

Helath personnel can learn from the pain team when they have pharmacology-related questions and are drawing up treatment plans, and when they are establishing open and trusting relations with the patient.