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The study’s informants were particularly apprehensive about critical emergencies and unsure how to use medical equipment such as bag valve masks.

They observe eye contact, comforting and other behaviours based on experience rather than by making use of recognised instruments. Their assessments are influenced by professional development opportunities, a heavy workload and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Urine dispsticks are frequently used in the clinic to diagnose urinary tract infection in elderly patients even though the urine disptick does not distinguish between urinary tract infection and asymptomatic baceriuria.

Group-based self-management programmes make it easier to cope with the disease. However, half of all patients decline to participate in such programmes. 

Patients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopies and anorectal procedures suffered the most nausea, while those who underwent major breast cancer surgery experienced the least nausea.

Weight is one of the simplest measurements of nutritional status. Nevertheless, a number of personnel in the community nursing services lack knowledge about nutrition and good routines for weighing patients. 

Women who had given birth by caesarean section often downplayed their own complaints, felt left to their own devices and received invaluable assistance from their partner.

Students who used this framework for communication conveyed more specific observations, gave fewer unfounded opinions, and experienced improvements in teamwork and patient safety.

Family caregivers will need correct and relevant information and support from health care professionals to perform the significant caring role they have to take on.

Anaesthetic nurses found that the children were easier to wake preoperatively and that their awakenings were calmer and less painful.